The sustainable management strategies, mitigation measures and mountain resilience relationship shows the importance of dealing with Mount Kilimanjaro as a whole ecological and socio-economic system. Forest, soil and agricultural landscape environmental pressures can also impact the wellbeing and livelihood security of communities. Therefore, building resilience is not possible by targeting individual interventions. It needs management approaches that are able to balance the requirements of ecosystems and the needs and capacity of humans relying on mountain resources. In the context of forest conservation and restoration, it is important to consider the effect of forest conditions on environmental stability. Conservation of forest cover and rehabilitation of degraded forests may be used to ensure the ecological functions of the forest, and to help conserve carbon stocks. But conservation should be planned keeping in mind local livelihood realities. Environmental restrictions not designed in consultation with community needs and not allowing for opportunities to participate may be difficult to implement in the long-term. In the context of sustainable forest management, therefore, a balance between protecting the environment, using forest resources in a responsible manner and involving communities is needed.