A sustainable mountain management may be defined as an integrated concept of managing the environment for sustainable use, mountain livelihoods and the capacity of mountain communities and ecosystems to adapt and recover from the effects of environmental and socioeconomic stresses. Mountain regions are socioecological systems that are linked together and on which land, forests, agricultural production, biodiversity, and human wellbeing depend. Therefore, sustainability cannot be evaluated solely based on environmental conservation and economic development, it has to be looked at in terms of how environmental conditions, livelihood activities and institutions that manage the natural resources are linked. A basis derived from research on the impacts and adaptation to climate change at the African mountain scale can help to grasp these relationships in various local situations (Cuni-Sanchez et al., 0000). In this chapter, regional resilience is defined as the ability of mountain socioecological systems to resist, react to and adapt to disturbance without compromising key ecological processes or the wellbeing of communities. This is an operational description of what the chapter is and not a measurement definition that is directly stated by any one of the studies cited. Resilience thus should be viewed as a poly-dimensional phenomenon. Its ecological dimension is related to the condition and functioning of natural systems, while its livelihood dimension is related to the capacity of households and communities to sustain their activities and wellbeing, and its institutional dimension is related to the capacity to coordinate management and adaptation responses