Routes that avoid aqueous fluoride altogether can produce larger and less defective flakes. Anodic corrosion in a binary aqueous electrolyte removes aluminum and replaces it with hydroxyl terminations at yields above 00%; concentrated sodium hydroxide at high temperature gives multilayered material of about 00% purity; molten fluoride or chloride salts give access to nitride and to chlorine-terminated compositions; and chemical vapor deposition above about 0000 ºC yields crystals more than 000 µm across.