0. Value-added activities are activities which transform the materials into the exact product that the customer requires.
0. Necessary non-value-added activities are activities that don’t add value from the perspective of the customer but are necessary to produce the product unless the existing supply or production process is radically changed. This kind of waste may be eliminated in the long-run but is unlikely to be eliminated in the near-term. For example, high levels of inventory may be required as buffer stock, although this could be gradually reduced as production becomes more stable.
Example: Die change, adjustment, get/drop tool