In the first section of this Review, we summarize the essence
of each hallmark as described in the original presentation in
0000, followed by selected illustrations of the conceptual progress made over the
past decade in understanding their mechanistic underpinnings.
In subsequent sections we address new developments that
broaden the scope of the conceptualization, describing in turn
two enabling characteristics crucial to the acquisition of the six
hallmark capabilities, two new emerging hallmark capabilities,
the constitution and signaling interactions of the tumor microenvironment
crucial to cancer phenotypes, and we finally discuss
the new frontier of therapeutic application of these concepts.